Both internally and externally, BGLOs struggle to forge a relevant identity for the new century. As illustrated by the organized response of BGLO members to the racial injustice they observed in Jena, Louisiana, these organizations still have a vital mission. The book examines BGLOs’ responses to a number of contemporary issues, including non-black membership, homosexuality within BGLOs, and the perception of BGLOs as educated gangs. Parks and the contributing authors provide historical context for the development of BGLOs, exploring their service activities as well as their relationships with other prominent African American institutions. To foster a greater engagement with the history and contributions of BGLOs, Black Greek-Letter Organizations in the Twenty-first Century: Our Fight Has Just Begun brings together an impressive group of authors to explore the contributions and continuing possibilities of BGLOs and their members. The general public knows very little about BGLOs, and surprisingly the members themselves often do not have a thorough understanding of their history and culture or of the issues currently facing their organizations. Partly because of their perceived link to hip-hop culture, black fraternities and sororities have been unfairly reduced to a media stereotype-a world of hazing without any real substance. Despite the profound influence of these groups, many now question the continuing relevance of BGLOs, arguing that their golden age has passed. Members of these organizations include remarkable and influential individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr., Congresswoman Barbara Jordan, novelist Toni Morrison, and Wall Street pioneer Reginald F.
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Download Black Greek Letter Organizations In The Twenty First Century books, During the twentieth century, black Greek-Letter organizations (BGLOs) united college students dedicated to excellence, fostered kinship, and uplifted African Americans. Parks, Black Greek Letter Organizations In The Twenty First Century Book available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format.
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Download A History Of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc In Illinois books, On an ice cold Monday in February of 1910, six men would continue a tradition begun in Ithaca, New York and brought Alpha Phi Alpha to the state of Illinois.This volume seeks to shed a light on the accomplishments of the brothers, chapters and structure that has helped Alpha Phi Alpha continue to be one of the most influential African American organizations in the world.īlack Greek Letter Organizations In The Twenty First Century PDF Downloadīlack Greek Letter Organizations In The Twenty First Century A History Of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc In Illinois by Gregory S.
We only index and link to content provided by other sites.Ī History Of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc In Illinois A History Of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc In Illinois by Charles Smoot, A History Of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc In Illinois Book available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. Results Muscle stiffness measured by the ultrasound method increased from 217 ± 83 to 720 ± 265 N/mm with an increasing level of force (from 30 to 90 % MVC).Disclaimer: This site does not store any files on its server. Muscle and tendon stiffness of the gastrocnemius medialis were also calculated from ultrafast ultrasound measurements. The mathematical model of the alpha method allowed to estimate the stiffness of muscle and tendinous tissues on the basis of the assumptions associated to the behaviors of muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues.
Methods Ten healthy males performed a fast-stretch experiment on the ankle plantar flexors. The purpose of this study was to validate these two assumptions using ultrafast ultrasound, and to compare fascicle and tendon stiffness as determined by both methods.
It is based on two main assumptions (i.e., a constant tendon stiffness and a muscle stiffness proportional to the torque produced), which have not been approved in vivo. Received: 5 August 2014 / Accepted: 14 January 2015 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Ībstract Purpose The alpha method enables the dissociation of the passive (i.e., tendinous tissues) and active (i.e., fascicles) part of muscle–tendon stiffness. Muscle and tendon stiffness assessment using the alpha method and ultrafast ultrasound Hugo Hauraix
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